Vulvodynia is pain in the vulva that has lasted for at least 3 months, without a clearly identifiable cause1. It is a genuine pain condition, which healthcare professionals should not call into question2.

This page brings together key points to help you understand what is happening and to find the sources. It does not replace medical advice.

Key points

  • The current definition comes from an international consensus adopted in 20153.
  • The pain often feels like burning or irritation, and the vulva usually looks normal45.
  • Estimates of how common it is vary, but it is not a rare situation6.
  • The exact cause is still unknown, and several mechanisms seem to be involved78.
  • Follow-up studies observe that symptoms often ease over time, even though relapses are common9.

A consensus definition

In 2015, three international learned societies, specialising in diseases of the vulva, sexual health and pelvic pain, adopted a shared terminology3. It defines vulvodynia as vulval pain lasting at least 3 months, without a clearly identifiable cause, which may be accompanied by potentially associated factors1.

This terminology distinguishes vulvodynia from pain caused by a specific disease, such as an infection, an inflammatory skin disease, a lesion, nerve damage or an injury10. The two can coexist: you can have an identified disease of the vulva and, in addition, vulvodynia11.

Four ways to describe it

Professionals describe vulvodynia using four characteristics12:

  • where: localised, for example at the entrance to the vagina (the vestibule), generalised, or both;
  • how it is triggered: provoked by contact, spontaneous, or both;
  • since when: from the first time you had sex or used a tampon (primary), or after a pain-free period (secondary);
  • over time: intermittent, persistent, constant, immediate or delayed.

The most common forms are provoked vestibulodynia, a pain confined to the entrance to the vagina and triggered by touch or penetration, and generalised spontaneous vulvodynia13.

What you may feel

The pain is often described as burning, stinging, irritation or a feeling of raw skin; some people also describe a shooting or stabbing pain4. It can affect the whole vulva or only part of it, most often the entrance to the vagina, and sometimes spreads to the inner thighs or around the anus14.

It can come on15:

  • with penetration, during sex or when inserting a tampon;
  • during a gynaecological examination;
  • on contact with tight clothing, or when sitting for a long time;
  • without any contact at all.

Its intensity can vary from one day to the next, and it can be constant or come and go16. On examination, the vulva most often looks normal5, which does not call into question the reality of the pain2.

Is it common?

Figures vary between studies and depending on the period considered, at the time of the survey or over a whole lifetime617. Surveys conducted mainly in the United States estimate that about 7 to 10% of women have consistent symptoms at any given time6. Over a lifetime, estimates go up to about 15 to 16%17. We have not found any data specific to Switzerland or France.

In these surveys, many of the people affected had not sought medical care, and many of those who had were still without a diagnosis18. Diseases of the vulva touch on intimate matters, and the taboo surrounding them often makes diagnosis harder19.

Real pain, not “all in your head”

Vulvodynia is not imaginary: medical sources describe it as a pain condition linked to a disruption in the way the nervous system modulates pain2.

Psychological or psychosexual support is one of the approaches described20. Being referred to a psychologist or a sex therapist does not mean that anyone thinks your pain is not real21.

What is known, what remains unknown

The exact cause is still unknown7. Research points to a combination of mechanisms: nerves that have become more sensitive, sensitisation of the nervous system, tension in the pelvic floor muscles, local inflammation, and psychological and relational factors8. Vulvodynia is thought to be a set of overlapping situations rather than a single disease8.

A large review published in 2026 found associations with other conditions, such as fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, recurrent urinary tract infections or thrush, anxiety or depression22. An association is not a proven cause: these factors could be reclassified as research progresses22.

Intimate life, relationships and mood

Vulvodynia can weigh on sleep, concentration, daily activities and sex life, and it often affects the partner too23. Pain during sex can be accompanied by reduced desire, difficulty with arousal and difficulty talking about it24.

Anxiety and depressive symptoms are more common among the people affected25. You can raise this at your appointment, even if nobody asks you about it.

Misconceptions

  • “If the examination is normal, there's nothing wrong with me.” No: in vulvodynia, the vulva usually looks normal, and no test confirms the diagnosis526.
  • “It's psychological.” No: it is real pain, and psychological support does not mean otherwise221.
  • “It must be recurrent thrush.” Not always: pain mistaken for thrush can be due to a pain syndrome27.
  • “It's contagious, or it's about hygiene.” No: vulvodynia is not contagious, and British dermatologists state that it is not linked to hygiene28.
  • “It will never get better.” On the contrary, follow-up studies observe that symptoms often ease over time, even though relapses are possible9.

Where to find reliable information in French

  • The Société française de dermatologie offers a leaflet on its public information website Dermato-INFO (new tab), co-signed with the patient association Les Clés de Vénus (new tab)29.
  • In French-speaking Switzerland, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG (new tab)) and Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV (new tab)) present their specialist clinics for diseases of the vulva30.
  • Diagnosis and treatment: how the diagnosis is made, the options described in guidelines and questions to ask.
  • All our sources are in the bibliography, and the way we work is described in our methodology.

Sources for this page

Each number leads to a neutral statement and to the documents that support it. We summarise these sources in our own words; the links open the original documents.

  1. 1

    According to the 2015 consensus terminology, vulvodynia is vulval pain lasting at least 3 months, without a clearly identifiable cause, which may be accompanied by potentially associated factors.

    Expert consensus · checked on 18 October 2026

    The full 2016 text could not be consulted (paywalled): the wording is checked through its reproduction in the BASHH 2024 guideline (table 4) and in an open-access review. The NHS and the Société française de dermatologie give the same definition in plain terms.

    Back to the text
  2. 2

    Medical sources describe vulvodynia as a genuine pain condition, linked to a dysfunction in the way the nervous system modulates pain, and ask healthcare professionals not to question the reality of the pain and to explain the diagnosis.

    Expert consensus · checked on 18 October 2026

    The exact mechanism is still debated and probably multiple (see en-vulvo-mecanismes).

    • Tout savoir sur la vulvodynie (new tab) — Dermato-INFO, public information website of the Société française de dermatologie (France), Published on 15 June 2019, updated on 15 December 2025 (takes up and expands the Groupe MAG PDF leaflet of April 2019). (in French). Passage: “Qu'est-ce que la vulvodynie ?” and “Quel est le traitement ?”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • 2024 British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) UK national guideline on the management of vulval conditions (new tab) — British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) — Int J STD AIDS, Int J STD AIDS 2025;36(5):346–371 (online on 21 January 2025). Full PDF published on the BASHH website, page “Vulval Conditions 2024” updated on 10 September 2024.. Passage: “Prevalence and aetiology”, p. 359. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Persistent Vulvar Pain — Committee Opinion Number 673 (new tab) — American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), September 2016, reaffirmed in 2024 (Obstet Gynecol 2016;128(3):e78–e84). ACOG page and PubMed abstract checked; full text not consulted (redirect to the publisher, access blocked).. Passage: Abstract. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text
  3. 3

    In 2015, three international learned societies (ISSVD, ISSWSH and IPPS) adopted a new terminology for vulval pain and vulvodynia, developed at a consensus conference in April 2015 and published in 2016; it replaces the 2003 terminology.

    Established fact · checked on 18 October 2026

    Back to the text
  4. 4

    Vulvodynia pain is most often described as burning, stinging, irritation or a feeling of raw skin; it can also be shooting or stabbing.

    Established fact · checked on 18 October 2026

    • 2013 Vulvodynia Guideline Update (new tab) — American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) — J Low Genit Tract Dis, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014;18(2):93–100. Full text read (PDF distributed by the ISSVD). Predates the 2015 terminology: it still uses the 2003 classification.. Passage: Abstract, p. 93. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Patient information leaflet: Vulvodynia and vestibulodynia (new tab) — British Association of Dermatologists (BAD), Leaflet produced in May 2006, updated in October 2024; next review due in October 2027.. Passage: “What does vulvodynia feel and look like?”, p. 1. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Vulvodynia (vulval pain) (new tab) — National Health Service (NHS, United Kingdom), Page reviewed on 16 January 2024; next review due on 16 January 2027.. Passage: “Symptoms of vulvodynia”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Tout savoir sur la vulvodynie (new tab) — Dermato-INFO, public information website of the Société française de dermatologie (France), Published on 15 June 2019, updated on 15 December 2025 (takes up and expands the Groupe MAG PDF leaflet of April 2019). (in French). Passage: “Quels sont les caractéristiques de la douleur ?”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text
  5. 5

    In vulvodynia, the vulva usually looks normal on examination.

    Established fact · checked on 18 October 2026

    • Vulvodynia (vulval pain) (new tab) — National Health Service (NHS, United Kingdom), Page reviewed on 16 January 2024; next review due on 16 January 2027.. Passage: “Symptoms of vulvodynia”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Patient information leaflet: Vulvodynia and vestibulodynia (new tab) — British Association of Dermatologists (BAD), Leaflet produced in May 2006, updated in October 2024; next review due in October 2027.. Passage: “What does vulvodynia feel and look like?”, p. 1. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Tout savoir sur la vulvodynie (new tab) — Dermato-INFO, public information website of the Société française de dermatologie (France), Published on 15 June 2019, updated on 15 December 2025 (takes up and expands the Groupe MAG PDF leaflet of April 2019). (in French). Passage: “Comment établit-on le diagnostic de vulvodynie ?”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Localised provoked vulvar pain (Vestibulodynia) (new tab) — International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD), Patient Information Committee, Revised in 2013 (PDF dated 22 April 2016). No longer included in the ISSVD's current list of leaflets.. Passage: “What do I see?”, p. 1. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text
  6. 6

    According to population surveys conducted in the United States and a 2020 review, about 7 to 10% of women have symptoms consistent with vulvodynia at any given time.

    Uncertain · checked on 18 October 2026

    Questionnaire-based estimates, mostly from the US (Boston: nearly 7% at the time of the survey; Michigan: 8.3%; Nature Reviews review: 8 to 10%). No Swiss or French data found. The definitions and the populations studied differ.

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  7. 7

    The exact cause of vulvodynia is not known.

    Established fact · checked on 18 October 2026

    • Vulvodynia (vulval pain) (new tab) — National Health Service (NHS, United Kingdom), Page reviewed on 16 January 2024; next review due on 16 January 2027.. Passage: “Causes of vulvodynia”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Patient information leaflet: Vulvodynia and vestibulodynia (new tab) — British Association of Dermatologists (BAD), Leaflet produced in May 2006, updated in October 2024; next review due in October 2027.. Passage: “What causes vulvodynia?”, p. 1. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Localised provoked vulvar pain (Vestibulodynia) (new tab) — International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD), Patient Information Committee, Revised in 2013 (PDF dated 22 April 2016). No longer included in the ISSVD's current list of leaflets.. Passage: “What causes it?”, p. 1. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text
  8. 8

    The mechanisms put forward combine nerve-related factors (increased sensitivity of nerve endings, sensitisation of the nervous system), muscular factors (pelvic floor), inflammatory factors and psychosocial factors; vulvodynia is thought to be a set of overlapping situations rather than a single disease.

    Emerging evidence · checked on 18 October 2026

    • Vulvodynia (new tab) — Nature Reviews Disease Primers, Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020;6(1):36. PubMed abstract checked; full text not consulted.. Passage: PubMed abstract. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • 2024 British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) UK national guideline on the management of vulval conditions (new tab) — British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) — Int J STD AIDS, Int J STD AIDS 2025;36(5):346–371 (online on 21 January 2025). Full PDF published on the BASHH website, page “Vulval Conditions 2024” updated on 10 September 2024.. Passage: “Prevalence and aetiology” and “Classification of vulvodynia/female genital pain”, p. 359. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Localised provoked vulvar pain (Vestibulodynia) (new tab) — International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD), Patient Information Committee, Revised in 2013 (PDF dated 22 April 2016). No longer included in the ISSVD's current list of leaflets.. Passage: “What causes it?”, p. 1. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text
  9. 9

    Follow-up studies observe that vulvodynia symptoms often ease over time, with or without treatment, but that relapses are common; persistence without any improvement is a minority outcome in these studies.

    Emerging evidence · checked on 18 October 2026

    Few longitudinal studies, mostly from the US. In the Michigan study, about half of the participants followed had a remission without relapse, about 40% a remission followed by relapse, and nearly 10% persistent symptoms.

    Back to the text
  10. 10

    The 2015 terminology distinguishes vulvodynia from vulval pain caused by a specific disorder: infection, inflammatory disease, tumour, neurological disorder, trauma, iatrogenic cause or hormonal deficiency.

    Expert consensus · checked on 18 October 2026

    Back to the text
  11. 11

    A person can have both an identified disease of the vulva (for example lichen or recurrent thrush) and vulvodynia; both then need to be taken into account.

    Expert consensus · checked on 18 October 2026

    • 2024 British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) UK national guideline on the management of vulval conditions (new tab) — British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) — Int J STD AIDS, Int J STD AIDS 2025;36(5):346–371 (online on 21 January 2025). Full PDF published on the BASHH website, page “Vulval Conditions 2024” updated on 10 September 2024.. Passage: Section “Classification of vulvodynia/female genital pain”, p. 359. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Tout savoir sur la vulvodynie (new tab) — Dermato-INFO, public information website of the Société française de dermatologie (France), Published on 15 June 2019, updated on 15 December 2025 (takes up and expands the Groupe MAG PDF leaflet of April 2019). (in French). Passage: “Comment établit-on le diagnostic de vulvodynie ?”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text
  12. 12

    Vulvodynia is described by its location (localised, for example to the vestibule, generalised or mixed), whether it is provoked, spontaneous or mixed, its onset (primary, from the first intercourse or first tampon, or secondary, after a pain-free period) and its pattern over time (intermittent, persistent, constant, immediate, delayed).

    Expert consensus · checked on 18 October 2026

    The BASHH attributes these descriptors to the 2013 US update; the learned societies published formal definitions of them in 2019 (full text not consulted).

    Back to the text
  13. 13

    The two most common forms are provoked vestibulodynia (pain confined to the entrance to the vagina, triggered by touch or penetration) and generalised spontaneous vulvodynia.

    Expert consensus · checked on 18 October 2026

    Back to the text
  14. 14

    The pain can affect the whole vulva or only part of it, most often the entrance to the vagina (vestibule), and sometimes spreads to the inner thighs, around the anus or around the urethra.

    Established fact · checked on 18 October 2026

    • Tout savoir sur la vulvodynie (new tab) — Dermato-INFO, public information website of the Société française de dermatologie (France), Published on 15 June 2019, updated on 15 December 2025 (takes up and expands the Groupe MAG PDF leaflet of April 2019). (in French). Passage: “Quelles sont les zones douloureuses ?”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Vulvodynia (vulval pain) (new tab) — National Health Service (NHS, United Kingdom), Page reviewed on 16 January 2024; next review due on 16 January 2027.. Passage: “Symptoms of vulvodynia”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Patient information leaflet: Vulvodynia and vestibulodynia (new tab) — British Association of Dermatologists (BAD), Leaflet produced in May 2006, updated in October 2024; next review due in October 2027.. Passage: “What does vulvodynia feel and look like?”, p. 1. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text
  15. 15

    The pain can be triggered by penetration during intercourse, inserting a tampon, a gynaecological examination, tight clothing or prolonged sitting, or it can occur without any contact.

    Established fact · checked on 18 October 2026

    Back to the text
  16. 16

    The intensity of the pain can vary from one day to the next, and the pain can be constant or intermittent.

    Established fact · checked on 18 October 2026

    • Tout savoir sur la vulvodynie (new tab) — Dermato-INFO, public information website of the Société française de dermatologie (France), Published on 15 June 2019, updated on 15 December 2025 (takes up and expands the Groupe MAG PDF leaflet of April 2019). (in French). Passage: “Quels sont les caractéristiques de la douleur ?”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Patient information leaflet: Vulvodynia and vestibulodynia (new tab) — British Association of Dermatologists (BAD), Leaflet produced in May 2006, updated in October 2024; next review due in October 2027.. Passage: “What does vulvodynia feel and look like?”, p. 1. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Vulvodynia (vulval pain) (new tab) — National Health Service (NHS, United Kingdom), Page reviewed on 16 January 2024; next review due on 16 January 2027.. Passage: “Symptoms of vulvodynia”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text
  17. 17

    Over a lifetime, estimates of the proportion of women who have experienced this type of pain go up to about 15 to 16%.

    Uncertain · checked on 18 October 2026

    Harlow 2003: about 16%; ASCCP 2013: “up to 16%”; BAD 2024: about 15 in 100; ISSVD leaflet 2013: about 15% for vestibulodynia alone. The BASHH gives 25% for genital pain in general (lifetime), a broader figure than vulvodynia.

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  18. 18

    In surveys conducted in the United States, a large proportion of people with consistent symptoms had not sought medical care, and many of those who had sought care had not received a diagnosis; in one of these surveys, 1.4% had received a diagnosis of vulvodynia.

    Emerging evidence · checked on 18 October 2026

    US data published between 2003 and 2014; the current situation in Switzerland and France is not documented.

    Back to the text
  19. 19

    According to the HUG, vulval diseases are often poorly diagnosed because of the taboo surrounding them: they concern the intimate sphere, and the people affected do not dare to talk about them.

    Expert consensus · checked on 18 October 2026

    • Maladies vulvaires (new tab) — Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Department of Gynaecology, Page updated on 9 June 2026. (in French). Passage: Introduction to the page “Maladies vulvaires”, 3rd paragraph. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
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  20. 20

    Psychological and psychosexual approaches (cognitive behavioural therapy, psychotherapy, couples therapy, sex therapy) are among the options described, because sexual pain has physical, psychological and relational components; a 2025 meta-analysis concludes that they improve pain, psychological adjustment and sexuality, with evidence of still limited quality.

    Recommendation · checked on 18 October 2026

    Back to the text
  21. 21

    Being referred for psychological or psychosexual support does not mean that the healthcare professional considers the pain not to be real; the guidelines advise explaining this to patients.

    Expert consensus · checked on 18 October 2026

    • 2013 Vulvodynia Guideline Update (new tab) — American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) — J Low Genit Tract Dis, J Low Genit Tract Dis 2014;18(2):93–100. Full text read (PDF distributed by the ISSVD). Predates the 2015 terminology: it still uses the 2003 classification.. Passage: Section “Counseling”, p. 98. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Persistent Vulvar Pain — Committee Opinion Number 673 (new tab) — American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), September 2016, reaffirmed in 2024 (Obstet Gynecol 2016;128(3):e78–e84). ACOG page and PubMed abstract checked; full text not consulted (redirect to the publisher, access blocked).. Passage: Abstract. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text
  22. 22

    An umbrella review published in 2026 found associations, with varying levels of evidence, between vulvodynia and other conditions, including fibromyalgia, irritable bowel syndrome, recurrent urinary tract infections or vulvovaginal yeast infections, anxiety and depression; these factors are associations and not proven causes, and could be reclassified if research proves a causal role.

    Emerging evidence · checked on 18 October 2026

    Back to the text
  23. 23

    Vulvodynia can have a significant impact on quality of life: sleep, concentration, daily activities, sex life and intimate relationships, including for partners.

    Established fact · checked on 18 October 2026

    • Vulvodynia (vulval pain) (new tab) — National Health Service (NHS, United Kingdom), Page reviewed on 16 January 2024; next review due on 16 January 2027.. Passage: “Symptoms of vulvodynia”, last paragraph. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • 2024 British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) UK national guideline on the management of vulval conditions (new tab) — British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) — Int J STD AIDS, Int J STD AIDS 2025;36(5):346–371 (online on 21 January 2025). Full PDF published on the BASHH website, page “Vulval Conditions 2024” updated on 10 September 2024.. Passage: “Practical management of genital pain in women”, p. 359. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Vulvodynia (new tab) — Nature Reviews Disease Primers, Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020;6(1):36. PubMed abstract checked; full text not consulted.. Passage: PubMed abstract. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Maladies vulvaires (new tab) — Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Department of Gynaecology, Page updated on 9 June 2026. (in French). Passage: Page introduction, 3rd paragraph. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text
  24. 24

    Pain during sex can be accompanied by reduced desire, difficulties with arousal or orgasm, and difficulty talking about it.

    Established fact · checked on 18 October 2026

    • Patient information leaflet: Vulvodynia and vestibulodynia (new tab) — British Association of Dermatologists (BAD), Leaflet produced in May 2006, updated in October 2024; next review due in October 2027.. Passage: “What does vulvodynia feel and look like?”, p. 1. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Localised provoked vulvar pain (Vestibulodynia) (new tab) — International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease (ISSVD), Patient Information Committee, Revised in 2013 (PDF dated 22 April 2016). No longer included in the ISSVD's current list of leaflets.. Passage: “What is the treatment?”, p. 2–3. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text
  25. 25

    Women with vulvodynia have, on average, more anxiety and depressive symptoms than women without it.

    Established fact · checked on 18 October 2026

    Association found by a meta-analysis of case-control studies and by the 2026 umbrella review; these studies do not say in which direction the link runs.

    Back to the text
  26. 26

    There is no laboratory test or imaging that confirms vulvodynia: the diagnosis is clinical and is based on the medical history and the examination.

    Expert consensus · checked on 18 October 2026

    Back to the text
  27. 27

    Vulval pain reported as recurrent thrush may be due to a pain syndrome; the UK guideline advises ruling out primary pain before repeating antifungal treatments.

    Recommendation · checked on 18 October 2026

    The same guideline notes that a history of thrush, often recurrent, is frequently reported by the people affected.

    Back to the text
  28. 28

    Vulvodynia is not contagious; according to the British Association of Dermatologists, it is not linked to hygiene.

    Expert consensus · checked on 18 October 2026

    Only one source states this explicitly. Several guidelines also advise avoiding irritating products (see en-vulvo-soins-vulve).

    Back to the text
  29. 29

    The Société française de dermatologie publishes a leaflet on vulvodynia on its public information website Dermato-INFO, updated in December 2025 and co-signed by a representative of the patient association Les Clés de Vénus.

    Established fact · checked on 18 October 2026

    • Tout savoir sur la vulvodynie (new tab) — Dermato-INFO, public information website of the Société française de dermatologie (France), Published on 15 June 2019, updated on 15 December 2025 (takes up and expands the Groupe MAG PDF leaflet of April 2019). (in French). Passage: Bottom of the page (publication and update dates, authors). Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text
  30. 30

    In French-speaking Switzerland, the HUG (Geneva) and the CHUV (Lausanne) have specialist clinics for diseases of the vulva, which see, among other things, chronic vulval pain and sexual pain; the people affected or their doctors can book an appointment there directly, and the HUG point out that waiting times are sometimes long.

    Established fact · checked on 18 October 2026

    • Maladies vulvaires (new tab) — Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Department of Gynaecology, Page updated on 9 June 2026. (in French). Passage: “Pathologies vulvaires : une consultation à votre écoute” and “Prise de rendez-vous”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    • Pathologies vulvaires (new tab) — Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Department of Gynaecology, Page updated on 6 August 2026. (in French). Passage: “Pathologies vulvaires bénignes”. Accessed on 18 October 2026.
    Back to the text